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Truckers Drive Their Own Assessment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Collaborative Approach to Online Self-Assessment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Difference between revisions

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== 4. Results ==
== 4. Results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; width: 100%;"
|+ Table 1. Descriptive statistics and variable types
! Question or Variables
! Scale Type
! Mean, Median, or Mode°
|-
| ''Height''
| Continuous
| 70.29 in.
|-
| ''Weight''
| Continuous
| 240.1 lbs.
|-
| ''BMI''
| Continuous
| 33.94 kg/m<sup>2</sup>
|-
| ''Gender''
| Binary
| 91.8% Male
|-
| ''Overall Berlin Score''
| Binary
| 55.9% Positive
|-
| Have you ever nodded off or fallen asleep while driving a vehicle?
| Binary
| 20.5% Yes
|-
| Do you have high blood pressure?
| Binary
| 39.5% Yes
|-
| Do you snore?
| Categorical
| 66.2% Yes
|-
| Does your snoring bother other people?
| Categorical
| 43.4% Yes
|-
| How often do you snore?
| Ordinal&dagger;
| Median: 1-2 times a week
|-
| How often has someone noticed that you quit breathing during your sleep?
| Ordinal
| Median: Never or nearly never
|-
| How often do you feel tired or fatigued after your sleep?
| Ordinal
| Median: 1-2 times a month
|-
| During your waking time, how often do you feel fatigued, or not up to par?
| Ordinal
| Median: 1-2 times a month
|-
| How loud is your snoring?
| Ordinal
| Median: Slightly louder than breathing
|-
| colspan=3 style="font-size: 8pt" | &dagger;In our logistic regression analyses, ordinal variables were treated as univariate continuous variables ranging from 0-4 where 0 was the lowest response and 4 was the highest response.
&deg; The descriptive statistic was chosen based on the scale type of the variable in question. Continuous data, such as GPA or weight, is best described by its mean. Ordinal data, such as great, good, or bad, is best described by its median. Categorical data, such as gender or race, is best described by the mode<sup>[19]</sup>.
|}


Over the nine months of data collection, a total 595 individuals took the survey. Of these, 55.9% scored positive on the overall Berlin survey, and 78.3% were positive on objective (BMI, hypertension) section. We have no way to determine the non-completion rate of the study. We did not collect data on participants' age. The type and treatment of variable in our data set as well as descriptive statistics can be found in Table 1.  
Over the nine months of data collection, a total 595 individuals took the survey. Of these, 55.9% scored positive on the overall Berlin survey, and 78.3% were positive on objective (BMI, hypertension) section. We have no way to determine the non-completion rate of the study. We did not collect data on participants' age. The type and treatment of variable in our data set as well as descriptive statistics can be found in Table 1.  


=== 4.1. Obesity and Hypertension ===
=== 4.1. Obesity and Hypertension ===
<center>[[File:JSCM-Figure1.png]]<br />
'''Figure 1. Histogram of Body Mass Indices of 595 Self-Selected Commercial Drivers'''</center>


More than two-thirds of the respondents were obese; 69.6% had a BMI > 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and 47.6% had a BMI > 33 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. 35.6% of CMVDs surveyed had a BMI > 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Figure 1 presents a frequency histogram of BMIs of the respondents. Obesity correlated with snoring loudness (the louder the snoring, the greater likelihood of obesity) (p<0.05) and with hypertension (p<0.05). More than a third (39.5%) of participants reported hypertension, which correlated with feeling tired/fatigued after sleep (p<0.05)
More than two-thirds of the respondents were obese; 69.6% had a BMI > 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, and 47.6% had a BMI > 33 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. 35.6% of CMVDs surveyed had a BMI > 35 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. Figure 1 presents a frequency histogram of BMIs of the respondents. Obesity correlated with snoring loudness (the louder the snoring, the greater likelihood of obesity) (p<0.05) and with hypertension (p<0.05). More than a third (39.5%) of participants reported hypertension, which correlated with feeling tired/fatigued after sleep (p<0.05)


=== 4.2. Sleepy Driving ===
=== 4.2. Sleepy Driving ===
With regard to drowsy driving, 20.5% answered positively to the Berlin Questionnaire query about falling asleep while driving. Correlates of sleepy driving are reported in Table 2. Sleepy driving was not associated with BMI, hypertension (p=0.07) or gender, but strongly correlated with severity and frequency of snoring and with witnessed apneas.  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; width: 100%;"
|+ Table 2. Correlates of drowsy driving and witnessed apnea
! Question
! colspan=2 | Significance (i.e. p-value)&#42;
|-
| &nbsp;
| '''Drowsy Driving'''
| '''Witnessed Apneas&ordf;'''
|-
| ''Overall Berin Score''
| < 0.0001
| < 0.0001
|-
| Do you snore?
| < 0.01
| < 0.001&deg;
|-
| How loud is your snoring?
| < 0.0001
| < 0.0001
|-
| Does your snoring bother other people?
| < 0.01
| < 0.01
|-
| How often do you snore?
| < 0.0001
| < 0.0001
|-
| How often has someone noticed that you quit breathing during your sleep?
| < 0.0001
| n/a&dagger;
|-
| How often do you feel tired or fatigued after your sleep?
| < 0.0001
| < 0.0001
|-
| During your waking time, how often do you feel fatigued, or not up to par?
| < 0.0001
| < 0.0001
|-
| style="font-size: 8pt" colspan=3| &dagger;This value has been omitted since the test described here would be correlating the variable with itself.
&deg;Respondents who answered "yes" had the stated p-value, respondents who answered "I don't know" were weakly correlated with p=0.10478
 
&#42;The significance value is taken from a univariate logistic regression model with the questions as univariate independent variables and the two responses as the dependent variables.
 
&ordf;This variable was transformed such that "Nearly every day" and "3-4 times/week" were a positive response and every other
response was a negative response.
|}
 
 
With regard to drowsy driving, 20.5% answered positively to the Berlin Questionnaire query about falling asleep while driving. Correlates of sleepy driving are reported in Table 2. Sleepy driving was not associated with BMI, hypertension (p=0.07) or gender, but strongly correlated with severity and frequency of snoring and with witnessed apneas.


=== 4.3. Witnessed Apneas ===
=== 4.3. Witnessed Apneas ===
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== 6. Acknowledgements ==
== 6. Acknowledgements ==


== References ==
Both authors had full access to the data and participated in writing this report. We gratefully acknowledge the help of Robert Stanton and Gary Hull, and Truckers for a Cause Chapter of Alert Well and Keeping Energetic of the American Sleep Apnea Association (TFAC-AWAKE), who initiated this project and hosted the survey on the TFAC-AWAKE website.
 
== 7. References ==
: <sup>[1]</sup> Tregear S, PhD; James Reston J, Schoelles K, Phillips B, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, JCSM 2009; 5 (15) : 573-581.  
: <sup>[1]</sup> Tregear S, PhD; James Reston J, Schoelles K, Phillips B, Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, JCSM 2009; 5 (15) : 573-581.  
: <sup>[2]</sup> Hartenbaum N, Collop N, Rosen IM, Phillips B, et al. Sleep apnea and commercial motor vehicle operators: Statement from the joint task force of the American College of Chest Physicians, the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, and the National Sleep Foundation. Chest. 2006;130 (3):902-5.  
: <sup>[2]</sup> Hartenbaum N, Collop N, Rosen IM, Phillips B, et al. Sleep apnea and commercial motor vehicle operators: Statement from the joint task force of the American College of Chest Physicians, the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, and the National Sleep Foundation. Chest. 2006;130 (3):902-5.  
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Med. 2009;51(10):1220-6.  
Med. 2009;51(10):1220-6.  
: <sup>[19]</sup> Stevens, S.S. On the Theory of Scales of Measurement, Science 1946;103 :677-80.
: <sup>[19]</sup> Stevens, S.S. On the Theory of Scales of Measurement, Science 1946;103 :677-80.
[[Category:Journal Papers]]
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